aebmf`mj C¶v HgpIp¶ Hcp \ZnbmWv. aebmfnIfmbn P\n¡p¶hÀ¡v B Hgp¡nte¡v tNÀ¶p sImSp¯m aXn. Xmt\ apt¶m«p s]mbvt¡mfpw. AXn FgpXs¸Sp¶ ]Zyhpw, KZyhpw tIcf¡c apgph³ a\ÊnemIpw. IhnIÄ¡pw hnaÀiIÀ¡pw Ieln¡m\pw Iem]apWvSm¡m\pw CSapÅ `mjbmWn¶v aebmfw. F¶m aebmf`mj ssiih Zibnembncp¶ Hcp ImeapWvSmbncp¶p. Xncph\´]pc¯pÅhÀ ]dªm sIm¨n¡mÀ¡pw, sIm¨n¡mcpw AXn\p sX¡pÅhcpw ]dªm tImgnt¡m«pImÀ¡pw a\knemIm¯ Hcp Imew. A¡me¯v `mjbv¡v GIXm\w ssIhcp¯m\pw, kmlnXys¯ ]cnt]mjn¸n¡m\pw PohnXw Dgnªph¨ Bfmbncp¶p IWvS¯n hÀ¤okvam¸nf. aebmf at\mca \ne\n¡p¶XpsImWvSvhÀKokvam¸nfsb Bcpw ad¶p
t]mInÃ. F¶m at\mcabv¡¸pdw aebmf`mjbpsS Xs¶ hfÀ¨bn ]nXrØm\nb\mWv ]e \nebv¡pw hÀKokv am¸nf.
XncphÃbn \n¶v hůn th¼\m«pImb XmWvSnbmWv hÀKokvam¸nf sIm¨nbnse¯n ]{X{]hÀ¯\w ]cnioen¨Xv. sslµh IrXnIfpw kmlnXyhpw hmbn¡p¶Xns\Xnsc 1600 þ se DZbwt]cqÀ kp¶ltZmkv GÀs¸Sp¯nb hne¡v \ne\n¡p¶ Ime¯mWv hÀKokvam¸nf Pohn¨Xv. F¶m kÀ¡mcnsâ dh\yq DtZymKØ\mb Ipd¯men Cu¸³am¸nfbpsS \memas¯ ]p{X\v AÑsâ kmaqlnI ]ZhnsImWvSp am{XamWv kwkvIrX hnZym`ymkw e`n¨Xv. sslµh ZÀi\§fn A`ncan¡m³ aIs\ A\phZn¡pI am{XaÃ; B«¡YbpsS Act§äw ho«n h¨p Xs¶ \S¯m³ A\phZn¡pIbpw hntZi anj\dnamÀ \S¯p¶ Cw¥ojv kv¡qfpIfn ]Tn¸n¡m³ hn«m a¡Ä Bw¥n¡³ k`bn tNÀ¶pIfbpsa¶v HmÀ¯tUmIvkv, bmt¡m_mb k`IÄ amdn\n¶ Imeambncp¶p AXv. A¶v k`bpsS Bi¦IÄ Cu¸³ am¸nfsb _m[n¡m¯Xn\m hÀKokv am¸nfbv¡v Cw¥ojv hnZym`ymkhpw e`n¨p.

]ecpw ]e a«n kwkmcn¡p¶ aebmf`mjbv¡v sFIycq]w ssIhcn¡pIbmbncp¶p hÀKokv am¸nfbpsS BZy e£w. CXn\p thWvSn tIcf¯n ]ebnS¯mbn NnXdn¡nS¡p¶ Fgp¯pImsc Hcp thZnbn sImWvSphcnIbmbncp¶p BZy\S]Sn. A§s\ aebmf¯nse BZys¯ kmlnXykwLS\bmb Ihn kamPap­mbn. 1891þse Nn§¯n aebmf at\mca Hm^okn tNÀ¶ IhnkamPamWv '`mjmt]mjnWn'bpsS XpS¡ambn `hn¨Xv.

PmXnaXt`Z§Ä kmlnXy¯nse¦nepw Hgn¨p\nÀ¯Wsa¶v At±lw B{Kln¨p. cmPsIm«mc§fn \n¶pÅ Fgp¯pImscbpw IhnIsfbpw hÀKokv am¸nf km[mcW¡mcmb Fgp¯pImÀs¡m¸w Ccp¯n. "XncphnXmwIqÀ cmPmhnsâ {]JymXamb t£{X{]thi\ hnfw_c¯n\v Ac\qämWvSv ap¼v kmlnXy¯n At±lw PmXn{`jvSv Hgnhm¡m³ {ian¨p. cmPIob hnfw_cw h¶t¸mÄ PmXn hyhØbnepWvSmb A{X sR«emWv A¶v kmlnXycwK¯pWvSmbXv." aebmf at\mcabpsS Atkmkntbäv FUnäÀ tXmakv tP¡_v ]dbp¶p.

aebmf `mjm Ncn{X¯nse ]eXnsâbpw XpS¡¡mc\mbncp¶p hÀKokv am¸nf. hÀ¯am\ ]{X§fn IhnXm ]wàn¡v CSwsImSp¯Xv BZyw hÀKokv am¸nfbmbncp¶p. sIm«mc¯n i¦p®nsb At±lw aebmf¯nse BZys¯ t]mb{Sn FUnädmbn \nban¨Xv A§s\bmWv.

hnZymÀ°nbmbncn¡pt¼mÄ Xs¶ hÀ¤okv am¸nfbv¡v IhnX¡mc³ F¶v t]cph¶ncp¶p. AXpsImWvSv At±lw ]{Xw XpS§nbt¸mÄ {][m\ e£yw IhnX Xs¶bmsW¶v ]WvUnX·mÀ IcpXn. XpS¡¯n at\mcabn \mept]Pv Ihn ]wàn F¶ t]cn \o¡nh¨p. BZye¡w IWvS tIcfhÀ½ henb tImbn¯¼pcm³ A\ptamZ\ ktµi¯n ]dªXpw at\mcabpsS {]km[\w IhnXbpsS \thm°m\amsW¶mWv. F¶mÂ, hÀ¤okv am¸nf {][m\ambpw Du¶nbXv KZyt]mjW¯n\mbncp¶p. "kÀÆw IhnXmabamb aebmf kmlnXys¯ KZy¯nte¡v sImWvSph¶Xv hÀKokv am¸nfbmWv. KZysagpXp¶h\v B[mcsagp¯pImcsâ hnet]mepw CÃmXncp¶ Ime¯v hÀKokv am¸nf Ahsc kmlnXyImc³amcmbn DbÀ¯n", tXmakv tP¡_v ]dbp¶p.

FgpXn¯pS§p¶hÀ¡pw FgpXns¯fnªhÀ¡pw thWvSnbpÅ kmlnXyinev]imeIÄ hym]Iam¡nbXv hÀKokv am¸nfbmWv. \mSIcN\bS¡apÅ kmlnXy taJeIfn At±lw inev]imeIÄ \S¯n. tIcf¯n ]{Xt¯msSm¸w t^mt«m {]kn²oIcn¨ BZy ]{Xm[n]cpw hÀKokv am¸nfbmbncp¶p. C´y `cn¡p¶ {_n«sâ cmPmhmbn FtUzÀUv Ggma³ Øm\mtcmlWw sN¿p¶ hmÀ¯ t^mt«m klnXw DÄs¸Sp¯m³ A¶v Cw¥WvSn hnZymÀ°nbmbncp¶ sF.kn.Nmt¡mbpsS klmbamWv hÀKokv am¸nf kzoIcn¨Xv. aebmf¯nse BZys¯ ssÌ FUnädpw Unssk\dpambncp¶p hÀKokv am¸nf. C¶p temIs¯ anI¨ {]kn²oIcW§Äs¡ms¡ ssÌ FUnäÀamcpWvSv. C¯cw Imcy§sf¸änsbm¶pw AdnhnÃm¯ Ime¯pw aebmf at\mcabptSbpw ssÌ FUnädmbncp¶p At±lw. ]{X¯nsâ cq]I¸\bnepWvSmbncp¶ AXnbmb ssh`hhpw Xm¸cyhpw eWvS³ ssSwknsâ Unssk\dmbncp¶ FUzn³ sSbvesd at\mcabn sImWvSphcp¶XnemWv Iemin¨Xv.

aebmf A¨nsâ Imcy¯n s_©an³ s_bven kmbv]v DWvSm¡nb amXrIIÄ am{Xambncp¶p tIcf¯n BZyIme¯pWvSmbncp¶Xv. AXn Xr]vXn hcmsX hÀKokv am¸nf cWvSphÀjs¯ A[zm\¯neqsSbmWv aebmfat\mcabv¡v en]nbpWvSm¡nbXv. At±lw cq]Iev¸\ sNbvX at\mca s_¡ Fs¶mcp en]n, Hm^vskäv {]knsâ BhnÀ`mhw hsc tIcf¯n hym]Iambn {]Nmc¯nepWvSmbncp¶p.

Hcp ]{Xhpw Hcp ssZzamknIhpw \S¯p¶Xn\nSbnÂ, hnZym`ymk {]hÀ¯\§Ä¡pw hÀKokv am¸nf kabw IWvsS¯n. Xsâ AbÂ\m«nse kÀ¡mÀ sslkv¡qfnsâ Øm]I³ At±lambncp¶p. kzkapZmb¯nse sNdp¸¡mcpsS kÀKmßI kn²nIÄ hfÀ¯m³ XpS§nb kZmNmc ktlmZckwLw Øm]n¨ sI«nSw ]ns¶ kv¡qfmbn ]cnWan¡pIbmbncp¶p. tIm«bw kn.Fw.Fkv. sslkv¡qfn aebmf¯n AknÌâv ap³jnbmbncp¶ hÀKokv am¸nf tIm«b¯v Bcw`n¨ Fw.Un. kvIqfnsâ amt\Pcpw Bbncp¶p.

hÀKokv am¸nfbpsS [\y PohnXs¯¡pdn¨v aebmf¯nse Nne {]Xn`m[\³amÀ ]dbp¶p:

kpIpamÀ Agot¡mSv, Fgp¯pImc³ :

at\mcabpw `mjmt]mjnWnbpw ChnsS h¶v, IhnXsbgpXp¶hsc KZysagpXm³ ]Tn¸n¨Xnsâ ^eambn, sImSp§ÃqÀ Ipªn¡p«³ X¼pcm³ "cknIcRvPn\n' F¶ KZy]{X¯nsâ ]{Xm[n]cmbn. X¼pcm³ BZyambn KZysagpXp¶Xv "cknIcRvPn\n'bnse FUntämdnbenemWv. thZhymksâ alm`mcXw C§s\ XÀPa sNbvX Ih\tZhs\s¡mWvSv aebmf \m«nse km[mcW¡mcsâ KZy¯nsâ tImf¯n FgpXn Hcp ]{Xm[n]cmbXmWv IqSpX henb BÝcyw. AXv DÅqÀ ]dªXpt]mse A\´hpw A]cntabhpw Bb Hcp aebmf`mjm tkh\atÃ? IWvS¯n hÀ¤okv am¸nfbpsS BNmcyXpeyamb {]hÀ¯\¯nsâ Gähpw A\ptamZ\obamb Hcp {]Xn{]hÀ¯\¯nsâ ^eambn«mWv CXp kw`hn¨sX¶p IcpXmw. Ipªn¡p«³ X¼pcms\t¸mepw KZyw FgpXn¡m³ t{]cn¸n¡pIsb¶p h¨mÂ, 46 hbÊÃ, \m\qdv hbÊphsc Pohn¨ncp¶mepw Hcp a\pjy\v A`nam\n¡mhp¶ Hcp IrXyamWv. B Ime¯n\ptijamWv \½sfms¡ Ct¸mÄ KZyw C§s\ FgpXns¡mWvSphcp¶Xv. IWvS¯n hdpKokv am¸nf h¶nÃmbncps¶¦n Ct¸mfpw R§sfÃmw "Bl´ l´ _X' F¶ Xmf¯n¯s¶ InS¡pambncps¶¶pw ]dbp¶nÃ. XoÀ¨bmbpw Ipd¨p ]ndInemtbs\.

sI.Fw. amXyp, No^v FUnäÀ, aebmfat\mca :

Nne D¯chmZn¯§fnÂ, ap³t] t]mbhcpsS A\p{Kl§Ä A\p`hn¨dnbm\mIpw. B Xncn¨dnhv hÃms¯mcp ss[cyhpw Bßhnizmkhpw ]IcpIbpw sN¿pw. "aebmf at\mca'bpsS ss\c´cy[Àaw \ndthäp¶Xn Ffnb ]¦p hln¡m³ IgnªXn ssZht¯mSpw, ]qÀÆnItcmSpapÅ Fsâ \oXn koamXoXamWv. at\mcabpsS Øm]I\mb IWvS¯n hdpKokv am¸nfsb Rm³ t\cn IWvSn«nÃ. \mev]¯ntbgp hÀjw am{Xw Pohn¨v Ncn{X¯nte¡v Hcp]mSv IÀaap{ZIÄ k½m\n¨v 1904þ At±lw IS¶pt]mbn. ]ns¶bpw ]Xnaq¶p hÀjw IgnªmWv Rm³ P\n¨Xv. F¦nepw ]dªptI« hm¡pIfn \n¶v, apXnÀ¶ _Ôp¡Ä ]¦ph¨ HmÀaIfn \n¶v, ]gb Ombm Nn{X§fn \n¶v B Kw`oc]pcpjcq]w F\n¡p k¦ev]n¡m\mhpw. Nn´meo\amb apJhpw CSXqÀ¶ taÂaoibpw Xe¸mhpambn IÀa tXPtÊmsS temIs¯ A`napJoIcn¨ Hcmsf.

IWvS¯n hdpKokv am¸nf ]Xn\mep hÀjamWv at\mcabpsS Øm]I ]{Xm[n]Xyw hln¨Xv. AXn¯s¶ Ahkm\s¯ \me©phÀjw £oWnX\pw tcmK_m[nX\pambncp¶p. ]t£, Xm³ ]{Xm[n]Xyw hln¨ sNdp Imebfhn\pÅn Xs¶ Bg¯n thmtcmSnbXpw, \qämWvSpIfnte¡v ]SÀ¶p hfÀ¶Xpamb Hcp almhr£w \«phfÀ¯m³ At±l¯n\p km[n¨p. t\cn IWvSn«nsænepw Hmtcm Znhkhpw At±ls¯ F\n¡p ImWm\mhpw. ImcWw F\n¡p NpäpapÅsXÃmw At±l¯nsâ \nXykvamcI§fmWv. B {Im´ZÀin XpS§nh¨ kwcw`§sfÃmw \ne\n¶Xn\pw hfÀ¶Xn\pw ]pjvSns¸«Xn\pw Ncn{Xw km£n.

]n. tKmhnµ]nÅ, I½yqWnÌv ssk²m´nI³ :

IWvS¯n hdpKokv am¸nf Pohn¨Imew \½psS Ncn{X¯n AXn\p ap¼pÅ ]t¯m Bbnctam hÀjt¯¡mÄ {][m\amWv. B Ime¯nsâ tI{µ_nµphmbn hÀ¯n¨v, AXn\p Ne\w sImSp¯ ]cnjvImc§fpambn t\cn«v _ÔapWvSmbncp¶ Bfmbncp¶p hdpKokv am¸nf. AXmWv At±l¯n\v Ncn{X¯nepÅ Øm\w. C¶v \mw Adnbp¶ tIcfhÀ½ henb tImbn¯¼pcm³, Ipªp¡p«³ X¼pcm³, Ihn kÀÆ`ua³ IpªvIpªp®n X¼pcm³, \Sphw \¼qXncn, sh×Wn \¼qXncn, sI.kn. tIih]nÅ F¶p XpS§n {]mamWnI·mcmbn«pÅ FÃm kmlnXyImc·mcpsSbpw Ifcnbmbncp¶p at\mcabpw AXn\ptijw hdpKokv am¸nf Bcw`n¨ `mjmt]mjnWnbpw. AhÀ Ifn¨p hfÀ¶Xpw ]bän sXfnªXpw Ncn{X¯ntem kmlnXy¯ntem Øm\w t\SnbXpw CXnsâ ]Snbn IqSnbmbncp¶p. 1890þ Bcw`n¨ 'aebmf at\mca' B t]cpsImWvSp am{Xaà DÅS¡w sImWvSpw s]mXpaWvUe¯nsâ `mKambncp¶p. Xsâ ]{Xw PohnX¯nsâ \m\m Xpdbnepw F¯Wsa¶pÅ Hcp Xmev]cyapWvSmbncp¶p hdpKokp am¸nfbv¡v.

(IS¸mSv þ `mjmt]mjnWn, aebmfat\mca)